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ISC 11>Content>Unit-4>Biomolecules
Scope of syllabus
Biomolecules: 
  • Carbohydrates- General classification and functions of: monosaccharides (glucose, ribose and deoxyribose), disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose), polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, inulin, and chitin).
  • Proteins- Amino acids – (structure: glycine, alanine, serine); amino acids as zwitter-ion; examples of acidic, basic, neutral, sulphur containing amino acids; essential and nonessential amino acids; levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary); functions of proteins.
  • Lipids – classification, structure and functions of fats and oils ​ 
​
  • Nucleotides and nucleic acids – structure and functions of DNA, types of RNA. Differences between DNA and RNA


Biomolecules
The molecules occurring in living organisms are called biological molecules.

Basics of biochemistry
A. Common elements
  • Oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) make up 96% of most living organisms.
  • Trace elements are elements that are necessary, but present in very small quantities.(1% of the body weight)
  1. Sulphur: an important element in some amino acids.
  2. Calcium: used during nerve impulses 
  3. Iron: found in hemoglobin (oxygen transport protein)
  4. Sodium: needed for a nerve impulse 
  5. Phosphorus: in cell membrane structures and DNA
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2. Chemical bonding
  • Molecules are made of two or more atoms bonded together through electron interactions.
  • A substance made of atoms of different elements is a compound.
  • Attractive forces (chemical bonds) hold atoms together in molecules.
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3.  Polarity:  Electrons in a covalent bond may be equally or unequally shared between the atoms
Non-polar covalent bond: 
atoms share electrons evenly
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Polar covalent bond: atoms share electrons unequally, so there is a slight difference in charge between the two poles of the bond
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4. Carbon
Why Is Carbon So Important?
  • Carbon atoms are versatile and can form up to four bonds (single, double, or triple) and rings..
  • Functional groups in organic molecules confer chemical reactivity and other characteristics.
  • Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules
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5. Condensation and hydrolysis
Condensation: A chemical reaction in which two molecules combines to form single molecule, with the loss of a small molecule (Water)
Hydrolysis: A reaction in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles.
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Micromolecules and macromolecules
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Carbohydrates            Lipids               Proteins               Nucleic acids  

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