BIOLOGY4ISC
  • HOME
  • ICSE 10
    • SYLLABUS
    • CONTENT >
      • Basic Biology >
        • 1. Cell division
        • 2. Genetics
      • Plant physiology >
        • 3. Osmosis and Ascent of sap
        • 4. Transpiration
        • 5. Photosynthesis
      • Human anatomy and physiology >
        • 6. Circulatory system
        • 7. Excretory system
        • 8. Nervous system and sense organs
        • 9. Endocrine system
        • 10. Reproductive system
      • Physical health and hygiene >
        • 11. Human population
        • 12. Aids to health and health organisation
    • PAPERS
  • ISC 11
    • SYLLABUS
    • CONTENT >
      • U-1 Diversity of life >
        • a. Biological classification >
          • Kingdom Monera
          • Kingdom Protista
          • Kingdom Fungi
        • c. Kingdom Plantae >
          • Thallophyta
          • Bryophyta
          • Pteridophyta
          • Gymnosperms
          • Angiosperms
        • d. Kingdom Animalia
      • U-2:Structural organisation in plants and animals >
        • b. Anatomy of flowering plants >
          • Basic idea of how secondary growth
          • Plant tissues
        • c. Structural organisation in animals >
          • Animal tissues
          • Connective tissue
          • Morphology and anatomy of cockroach
      • U-3. Cell structure and function >
        • a. Cell : unit of function >
          • cell organelles
          • nucleus
          • Cell membranes
        • b. Biomolecules >
          • Enzymes
        • c. Cell cycle and cell division >
          • MEIOSIS
      • U-4. Plant Physiology >
        • a. Plant transport >
          • Transpiration
        • b. Mineral nutrition
        • c. Photosynthesis
        • d. Cell respiration
        • e. Plant growth >
          • Plant hormones and photomorphogenesis
          • PLANT MOVEMENT
      • U-5. Human physiology >
        • a. Digestion and Absorption >
          • Physiology
          • disorders of digestive system
        • b. Respiratory system
        • c. Circulatory System >
          • Heart dissection
        • d. Excretory System >
          • Kidney dissection
        • e. Endocrine system >
          • Assignment
        • f. Nervous system >
          • Nervous system >
            • Eye
            • Ear
        • g. Locomotion
    • PRACTICAL >
      • Practical list and guidelines
      • Tools in Biology
      • PRACTICAL BOOKLET
    • SPECIMEN PAPERS
  • ISC 12
    • SYLLABUS
    • CONTENT >
      • U-1. REPRODUCTION >
        • Sexual reproduction in flowering plants >
          • Seeds and fruits
        • Human reproduction >
          • Human embryonic development
        • Reproductive health
      • U-2 .GENETICS AND EVOLUTION >
        • 1. Principles of inheritance and variation
        • 2.Molecular basis of inheritance >
          • 4. Gene expression
        • 1. Origin of life
        • 2. Evidences of evolution
        • 3. Theories of Evolution
        • 4. Human evolution
      • U-3 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE >
        • 1. Human health and diseases >
          • Human diseases- causes and symptoms
        • 2. Enhancement in food production
      • U-4 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS >
        • 1. rDNA technology
      • U-5 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT >
        • 13_Organism and environment
        • 1. Ecosystem
        • 2. Environmental Issues
    • PRACTICAL >
      • LIST AND INSTRUCTIONS
      • TAXONOMY
      • SLIDE PREPARATION
      • OBSERVATION >
        • PLANT ANATOMY
        • PLANT MORPHOLOGY
        • PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
        • ANIMAL ANATOMY
      • PLANT PHYSIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS
    • E BOOKS
    • PAPERS
  • GALLERY
    • 2007-10
    • 2010-12
    • 2011-13 >
      • 2013
      • PROJECT
      • Out of the classroom
      • BuddingBiologists
    • 2012-14 (class DPs) >
      • Photographs
      • Practical Based learning
      • PROJECT IDEA >
        • Project implementation
    • 2013-15 (class DPs) >
      • PROJECT
      • Photographs
    • 2014-16 >
      • Photographs
    • 2015-17
    • 2016-18
  • TRAINING
  • THE BIO PLACE

ISC 11> UNIT 4-UNIT OF LIFE> 4.  CELL THEORY

SCOPE OF SYLLABUS 

Historical aspects, cell theory, size and shape of cells; general structure of prokaryotic cell; differences between gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria.
​General structure of eukaryotic cell, ultrastructure and function of cell wall, cell membrane (description of fluid mosaic  model; functions of the plasma membrane: active and passive transport, brief explanation of facilitated diffusion (uniport, symport and antiport) with one example.
​Mitochondria, nucleus (structure and types of chromosomes on the basis of the position of centromere, satellite), types of plastids, endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles), ribosomes, microbodies, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella and centrioles; difference between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell, plant and animal cell, microfilaments and microtubules, flagella and cilia.

navigate to

CELL ORGANELLES
NUCLEUS AND CELL INCLUSIONS

Historical aspects

Picture
Observe the given picture
He is the person who gave the word "cell".
Identify the person.

What was his contibution to the scientific world?

What is the name of the book he published and what does it contain?

Web Link 1

rediscovering-robert-hooke-video

Picture
Observe the given picture.
He is considered as father of microscopy.


Identify the person.


What were his contributions?

Web Link 2 

CELL THEORY
  • The first generalization about cells was given by a botanist Matthais Schleiden.  In 1883 he reported that plant tissues are composed of cells and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell.  He declared that the cell is the basic building block of all plant matter. 
  • The second generalization concerning cells and the most important in the development of biology was given by zoologist Theodar Schwann. In 1839, this German biologist, reached the same conclusion as Schleiden about animal tissue being composed of cells, ending speculations that plants and animals were fundamentally different in structure. 
  • ​Schwann described cellular structures in animal cartilage. In 1855, Rudolph Virchow stated that new cells could only arise from the division of pre existing cells.These observations were put into cell theory-
  1. All living things are made up of cells.
  2. New cells are formed by the division of pre existing cells.
  3. Each cell is made up of protoplasm with a nucleus that contains genetic material passed on to daughter cells.
  4. All cells are basically alike in their structure and metabolic activities.
  • Exception to cell Theory
  1. Viruses are biologists’ puzzle. They are an exception to cell theory. They lack protoplasm, the essential part of the cell.
  2. Bacteria and cyanobacteria (Blue Green algae) lack well organized nucleus.
  3. Some of the protozons are acellular.
  4. The coenocytic hyphae of some fungi eg. Rhizopus have undivided massof protoplasm, in which many nuclei remain scattered.
  5. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) and mature sieve tubes are without nuclei.
Let us recap something about the basic unit of an organism- CELL
Web.Link 3 

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Structure of Prokaryotic cell   

Picture
Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The following structures can be found in prokaryotic cells:
  • Capsule - Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer covering protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients.
  • Cell Wall - Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.
  • Cytoplasm - A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
  • Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane - Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
  • Mesosomes -Invaginations of the cell membrane, has enzymes for cellular respiration.
  • Pili - Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells. Shorter pili called fimbriae help bacteria attach to surfaces.
  • Flagella - Long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.
  • Ribosomes - Cell organelles responsible for protein production.
  • Plasmids - Gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.
  • Nucleiod Region - Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.

Diagram of a prokaryotic cell

Picture
Draw and label the diagram
Further reading
prokaryoticcells

Structure of Eukaryotic cell

Picture
Picture
Draw and label the diagram

Plant cell and animal cell (under electron microscope)

Picture
Picture
Picture
Picture

Structure of Eukaryotic cell

The cell components can be classified as below-
Picture

Cell boundaries include cell membrane and cell wall.

Cell wall

Thick, rigid protective envelope. 
Present in plants, bacteria, fungi and algae. 
Bacteria and fungi – proteins and non-cellulosic carbohydrates. 
Algae and plant cells– cellulose.
Cell wall formation – starts as thin layer of pectin.
Cellulose is added inside (secreted by cytoplasm)  This forms the Primary cell wall- cellulose microfibrils.
Further layers of cellulose make up -Secondary cell wall
Hemicellulose is a substance that strengthens the cellulose fibers.
Middle lamellae is the fused pectate walls of two adjacent cells.  This forms as a demarcation between two cells. ​  
Fine pores in the cell wall are called plasmodesmata. 
Electron microscopic studies show that it contains endoplasmic reticulum that is continuous from cell to cell.
This facilitate movement of substances

Functions of cell wall

  • Provides mechanical support
  • Protects plasma membrane 
  • Determines cell shape
  • Protects against osmotic pressure 
  • Translocation of water & other substances 
  • Plays a role in cell expansion 
  • Prevents water loss (cutin and suberin in the cell wall)
  • Protects against pathogens
Picture

Cell membrane

Double layered membrane made up of phospholipids.
This topic is covered as separate chapter.
Picture

CELL ORGANELES>
Any suggestions to improve the website content are welcome, and feedback that points out errors and ambiguities will be appreciated................ Contact:Gajendra Khandelwal(mandawara8@gmail.com), Deepthi.Uthaman (duthaman12@gmail.com)